GLOSSARY
Absolutism- The acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters.
Acculturation- Cultural modification of an individual group, or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture.
Anti-Semitism- Hostility to, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews. Universally seen to be the dominating ideology responsible for the Nazi Holocaust.
April Uprising of 1876- Organized insurrection by the Bulgarians in the Ottoman Empire directed at establishing an independent state of Bulgaria.
Arusha Accords- A series of peace treaties signed between the Rwandan government and the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front on 4 August 1993, designed to end the Rwandan Civil War.
Assimilation- To bring into conformity with the customs, attitudes, etc., of a group nation, or the like; adapt or adjust.
Batak Massacre- An Ottoman led massacre of Bulgarian insurrectionists at the beginning of the April Uprising of 1876.
Common Law- Anglo-American law system which is based on using past cases and precedent to decide modern issues. Adversarial court system which is built off judges’ decisions.
Civil Law- Built off Roman law and is founded in statutes and legislation. Court proceedings are more inquisitorial with judges playing a larger role in cases.
Concentration Camp- A camp in which people are detained or confined, usually under harsh conditions and without regard to legal norms of arrest and imprisonment that are acceptable in a constitutional democracy.
Crimes against Peace- Aggression that is between states that breaks treaties. Breaks the peace by invading a nation unlawfully.
Crimes against Humanity- Policies of violence and mass violence. Often easier to prove in courts than genocides.
Cultural Genocide- The term used to describe the deliberate destruction of the cultural heritage of a people or nation for political, military, religious, ideological, ethnical, or racial reasons.
Einsatzgruppen- Commonly termed the SS of the Nazi Regime, this group was involved in the murder of much of the intelligentsia and cultural elite of Poland, and had an integral role in the implementation of the Final Solution to the Jewish Question.
Ethnic cleansing- The expulsion, imprisonment, or killing of an ethnic minority by a dominant majority in order to achieve ethnic homogeneity.
Eurocentrism- Reflecting a tendency to interpret the world in terms of European or Anglo-American values and experiences.
Final Solution- The last stage in the Nazi Holocaust which brought into effect the mass scale killing of Jews through death camps such as Auschwitz-Birchenau.
Functionalists- Scholars who downplay the significance of Hitler as an individual, believing it was in fact an evolving result of chaotic decision-making process of a polycratic regime where the party used the only means available to hold the fragmented party together.
Genocide- The 1948 Genocide Convention defined genocide as “intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group”. The Convention also underlined the terms “Conspiracy, Incitement, attempt, complicity”. Lastly, the definition includes “Bodily or mental harm” “[destructive] conditions of life”.
Genocide Convention of 1948- The convention which was accepted by the UN General Assembly that both defined genocide, as well as made genocide an illegal act.
Ghettoization-The process of becoming a ghetto, an isolated and underprivileged urban area through economic constraints or purposeful political manoeuvres.
Great Depression-The severe worldwide economic depression taking place in the 1930s, commonly considered to have begun with the collapse of the American stock market on Black Tuesday, 29 October 1929.
Hasidism- A Jewish religious group originating out of Western Ukraine in the 18th century, targeted heavily during the Nazi Holocaust as they were an easily distinguishable religious group.
Human Rights Abuse- Occurs when actions by state (or non-state) actors abuse, ignore, or deny basic human rights (including civil, political, cultural, social, and economic rights).
Hutu- The proposed working-class people in Rwanda. Main perpetrators of the Rwandan Genocide, targeting Tutsi Rwandans.
Intentionalists- Scholars who place primary focus on the intention of the Nazi’s, looking to Hitler’s role in instigating the events as well as the anti-Semitic dimension of both Nazi ideology and European history.
International Law- Law that exists between states, refers to treaties, and affects international relations.
Kristallnacht- Often referred to as “Night of Broken Glass”, in which a wave of violent anti-Jewish programs took place between November 9-10, 1938. This wave of violence took place throughout Germany, annexed Austria, and in areas of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia recently occupied by German troops.
Mass murder-The act of murdering a number of people, typically simultaneously or over a relatively short period of time and in close geographic proximity.
Mixed (Bi-juridical) Law- Any system of law that incorporates common law, civil law, and/or indigenous law. French Canada is a good example of this as it incorporates all three of these legal systems.
NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
NGO- Non-government organization.
Nuremberg Trials- The trials that took place in 1945-1946 which dealt with bringing the main perpetrators in the Nazi regime to justice. Some of the more famous persons on trial include: Karl Dönitz, Hermann Göring, Joachim von Ribbentrop, and Albert Speer.
Peasantism- The doctrine that power should be vested in the peasant class.
Racism-Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one’s own race is superior.
Raphael Lemkin- Polish-Jewish jurist who first named the crime of genocide. Was responsible for advocating the adoption of genocide at the 1948 Genocide Convention for the UN.
Realists- People who do not see the legalist desire for tribunals and restorative courts, they hold an indifference towards justice, instead opting for vicious thoughts of revenge.
Residential Schools- Government-sponsored religious schools established to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture, functioning in the late 19th and 20th centuries.
Restorative Justice- Community driven outcomes which include active victim engagement. Meant to encourage responsibility, reconciliation, and reparations. Often has a more active involvement of all parties, not only victims or perpetrators.
Retributive Justice- Punishment that is proportionate to the crime, commonly seen as deterrence via fear of retribution. Does not often work as it is designed to.
September Uprising of 1875- A nationalist uprising of Serbs against the Ottoman Empire in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sparked by religious persecution of Christians and unfair systems of taxing. The uprising would lead to several more Balkan uprisings, with many Balkan states gaining independence from the Ottomans in the late 19th century.
Social Darwinism- The term that refers to various ways of thinking and theories that emerged in the second half of the 19th century and tried to apply the evolutionary concept of natural selection to human society. Commonly paired with colonial racism and outdated methods of determining merit, such as phrenology.
Systematic violence- One of the primary forms of collective violence, understood to be committed, condoned or allowed by the State and its representatives. Violence that is also very planned, targeted, and methodical in nature. Examples include Nazi death camps and the Turkish genocide of Armenian Christians.
Acculturation- Cultural modification of an individual group, or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture.
Anti-Semitism- Hostility to, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews. Universally seen to be the dominating ideology responsible for the Nazi Holocaust.
April Uprising of 1876- Organized insurrection by the Bulgarians in the Ottoman Empire directed at establishing an independent state of Bulgaria.
Arusha Accords- A series of peace treaties signed between the Rwandan government and the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front on 4 August 1993, designed to end the Rwandan Civil War.
Assimilation- To bring into conformity with the customs, attitudes, etc., of a group nation, or the like; adapt or adjust.
Batak Massacre- An Ottoman led massacre of Bulgarian insurrectionists at the beginning of the April Uprising of 1876.
Common Law- Anglo-American law system which is based on using past cases and precedent to decide modern issues. Adversarial court system which is built off judges’ decisions.
Civil Law- Built off Roman law and is founded in statutes and legislation. Court proceedings are more inquisitorial with judges playing a larger role in cases.
Concentration Camp- A camp in which people are detained or confined, usually under harsh conditions and without regard to legal norms of arrest and imprisonment that are acceptable in a constitutional democracy.
Crimes against Peace- Aggression that is between states that breaks treaties. Breaks the peace by invading a nation unlawfully.
Crimes against Humanity- Policies of violence and mass violence. Often easier to prove in courts than genocides.
Cultural Genocide- The term used to describe the deliberate destruction of the cultural heritage of a people or nation for political, military, religious, ideological, ethnical, or racial reasons.
Einsatzgruppen- Commonly termed the SS of the Nazi Regime, this group was involved in the murder of much of the intelligentsia and cultural elite of Poland, and had an integral role in the implementation of the Final Solution to the Jewish Question.
Ethnic cleansing- The expulsion, imprisonment, or killing of an ethnic minority by a dominant majority in order to achieve ethnic homogeneity.
Eurocentrism- Reflecting a tendency to interpret the world in terms of European or Anglo-American values and experiences.
Final Solution- The last stage in the Nazi Holocaust which brought into effect the mass scale killing of Jews through death camps such as Auschwitz-Birchenau.
Functionalists- Scholars who downplay the significance of Hitler as an individual, believing it was in fact an evolving result of chaotic decision-making process of a polycratic regime where the party used the only means available to hold the fragmented party together.
Genocide- The 1948 Genocide Convention defined genocide as “intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group”. The Convention also underlined the terms “Conspiracy, Incitement, attempt, complicity”. Lastly, the definition includes “Bodily or mental harm” “[destructive] conditions of life”.
Genocide Convention of 1948- The convention which was accepted by the UN General Assembly that both defined genocide, as well as made genocide an illegal act.
Ghettoization-The process of becoming a ghetto, an isolated and underprivileged urban area through economic constraints or purposeful political manoeuvres.
Great Depression-The severe worldwide economic depression taking place in the 1930s, commonly considered to have begun with the collapse of the American stock market on Black Tuesday, 29 October 1929.
Hasidism- A Jewish religious group originating out of Western Ukraine in the 18th century, targeted heavily during the Nazi Holocaust as they were an easily distinguishable religious group.
Human Rights Abuse- Occurs when actions by state (or non-state) actors abuse, ignore, or deny basic human rights (including civil, political, cultural, social, and economic rights).
Hutu- The proposed working-class people in Rwanda. Main perpetrators of the Rwandan Genocide, targeting Tutsi Rwandans.
Intentionalists- Scholars who place primary focus on the intention of the Nazi’s, looking to Hitler’s role in instigating the events as well as the anti-Semitic dimension of both Nazi ideology and European history.
International Law- Law that exists between states, refers to treaties, and affects international relations.
Kristallnacht- Often referred to as “Night of Broken Glass”, in which a wave of violent anti-Jewish programs took place between November 9-10, 1938. This wave of violence took place throughout Germany, annexed Austria, and in areas of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia recently occupied by German troops.
Mass murder-The act of murdering a number of people, typically simultaneously or over a relatively short period of time and in close geographic proximity.
Mixed (Bi-juridical) Law- Any system of law that incorporates common law, civil law, and/or indigenous law. French Canada is a good example of this as it incorporates all three of these legal systems.
NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
NGO- Non-government organization.
Nuremberg Trials- The trials that took place in 1945-1946 which dealt with bringing the main perpetrators in the Nazi regime to justice. Some of the more famous persons on trial include: Karl Dönitz, Hermann Göring, Joachim von Ribbentrop, and Albert Speer.
Peasantism- The doctrine that power should be vested in the peasant class.
Racism-Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one’s own race is superior.
Raphael Lemkin- Polish-Jewish jurist who first named the crime of genocide. Was responsible for advocating the adoption of genocide at the 1948 Genocide Convention for the UN.
Realists- People who do not see the legalist desire for tribunals and restorative courts, they hold an indifference towards justice, instead opting for vicious thoughts of revenge.
Residential Schools- Government-sponsored religious schools established to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture, functioning in the late 19th and 20th centuries.
Restorative Justice- Community driven outcomes which include active victim engagement. Meant to encourage responsibility, reconciliation, and reparations. Often has a more active involvement of all parties, not only victims or perpetrators.
Retributive Justice- Punishment that is proportionate to the crime, commonly seen as deterrence via fear of retribution. Does not often work as it is designed to.
September Uprising of 1875- A nationalist uprising of Serbs against the Ottoman Empire in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sparked by religious persecution of Christians and unfair systems of taxing. The uprising would lead to several more Balkan uprisings, with many Balkan states gaining independence from the Ottomans in the late 19th century.
Social Darwinism- The term that refers to various ways of thinking and theories that emerged in the second half of the 19th century and tried to apply the evolutionary concept of natural selection to human society. Commonly paired with colonial racism and outdated methods of determining merit, such as phrenology.
Systematic violence- One of the primary forms of collective violence, understood to be committed, condoned or allowed by the State and its representatives. Violence that is also very planned, targeted, and methodical in nature. Examples include Nazi death camps and the Turkish genocide of Armenian Christians.